Just tried this - it does indeed work with vim, make and cmake. I ran docker like this:
docker run \
-it --rm -w /workspace \
-e BBB_HOSTNAME=192.168.7.2 \
--mount source=xc-bela-src,target=/workspace,type=volume \
--mount source=xc-bela-bashhistory,target=/commandhistory,type=volume \
--network host --cap-add=SYS_PTRACE --security-opt seccomp=unconfined \
--entrypoint "/bin/bash" ebai101/xc-bela:latest
Then, just apt-get update && apt-get install vim (or whichever package).
It's probably easiest to add vim to the package list in scripts/build_packages.sh and build the image locally, then just replace ebai101/xc-bela:latest in the above command with whatever you tagged it as. You can change scripts/build_env.sh as well to set up your environment (e.g. clone dotfiles from a repo).
It would be a good idea to have pre-built images set up for vim, emacs and other editors.